Here are most types of PHP Operators: Assignment Operators, Arithmetic Operators, Comparison Operators, and String Operators.

Assignment Operators

We have already met this type. This is where we set a variable equal to something or make a variable equal to another variable.

Arithmetic Operators

An example of the use of Arithmetic operators is shown below:

<?php

$add = 1+1;

$subtract = 5-3;

$multiply = 5*2;

$divide = 10/2;

print “Addition Answer: ” . $add . “<br>”;

print “Subtraction Answer: ” . $subtract. “<br>”;

print “Multiplication Answer: ” . $multiply. “<br>”;

print “Addition Answer: ” . $divide. “<br>”;

?>

The output of the above code is:

Addition Answer: 2
Subtraction Answer: 2
Multiplication Answer: 10
Addition Answer: 5

This showing that the server is carrying out the calculations, using our arithmetic operators. As well as the above, you could also use these operators in conjunction with each other like so:

<?php

$quantity = 4;

$value = 5;

$total = $quantity * $value;

print $total;

?>

The output from the above is 20.

Comparison Operators

Comparison Operators are used to check the relationship between variables/values. These are used inside statements (such as if statements) to check whether the result is true or false. Listed are some PHP comparison operators:

We will assume, for this example, that $a = 2 and $b = 3.

Please note the two equal signs in the equal to example – this is a common beginners’ mistake.

We will go into further examples of Comparison Operators in the next section on PHP If Statements.

String Operators

We have already met String Operators, please read prior section named Concatenation.

Article Scope

This article aims to express the basics, which a beginner should consider when learning PHP. It will explain how to create a very basic PHP page that will contain fundamental commands to PHP beginners.

For this article, I will be using XAMPP to execute my PHP code – this is free to download and is great, especially if you do not have a web server with PHP installed.

PHP Introduction

PHP is open source software and therefore it is free to download and use. PHP’s website is: http://www.php.net/ (where it is also available for download).

PHP is a powerful HTML-embedded scripting language, which allows web developers to write dynamically generated pages. The user does not see the PHP code, unlike HTML - instead, the server executes the PHP code (written by you) when the user requests it. Once executed, PHP will use HTML to output – which is determined by you, and thus you will need to have an understanding of HTML for HTML to be of any use to you.

PHP is widely used in conjunction with MySQL, which will be explained in a future article.

Benefits of using PHP

PHP will reduce time to create and maintain medium to large websites – due to the pages being dynamic, only a small number of PHP pages will need to be created/edited which will allow the use of a Database (commonly MySQL), containing the websites’ content. The contents of the database are extracted by PHP and a page is created ‘on-the-fly’.

A few more of PHP’s benefits are shown below:

• Allow the website to customize each users experience, based on information gathered from them.
• Create websites that allow users to purchase items off a website (known as ecommerce).
• PHP users can download and use many free Open Source PHP tools on their website.
• As PHP is executed on the server this means that the PHP is not dependant on the users’ computer settings. For example, a user requesting a page in Firefox will get the same PHP Output as that of a user viewing in Internet Explorer, but please bear in mind that the way the HTML/CSS output is formatted may differ between the two. You will most likely have met this if you have used HTML/CSS to an intermediate level.
• All PHP’s commands are described and examples given in the PHP Online Manual.

Syntax

Create a PHP file

The first thing that all developers need to do is create a blank PHP page. This can be done by simply opening up Notepad and creating a new file – but instead of saving it with the ‘.txt’ affix, change it to ‘.php’. Alternatively, users that have dedicated editors such as Dreamweaver, etc. can create a blank PHP page by selecting File menu and create new PHP page.

Now that we have our blank PHP page we can begin.

Tell the server we wish to begin

We have to tell the server that we wish to execute PHP code, otherwise when the user requests the page, nothing dynamic will happen and instead it will just show our PHP code as plain text.

We use ‘<?php’ to start our PHP code and then  ‘?>’ to end. The ‘<?php’ tells the server that the code we wish to start executing is PHP, and ‘?>’ to end executing our PHP code. Outside of these brackets is where our HTML code should go which should not be dynamically updated, such as our Headers, Footers, etc.

You can use the shorthand PHP beginnings (‘<?’) and endings (‘?>’) but this is not recommended as servers do not always support these.

PHP Comments

We place comments in PHP code to make the code more maintainable and readable. These comments will not be viewable to the public, only to the person editing the PHP file. To comment in PHP we should prefix ‘//’ to our comment, for example:

<?php

//This is our comment

?>

We can also place comments over multiple lines by using ‘/*’ to begin and ‘*/’ to end our comment – as shown below.

<?php

/* This is a

comment set

over multiple

lines */

?>

Comments will be a lot more useful when more advance techniques in PHP are used.

A basic page in PHP is shown below, using our start, and end tags as well as comments. Please note that nothing will show, as comments are being used.

<html>

<head>

<title>First PHP Comments</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

// This is a comment and will not be shown to the public

/* This is a multi-line comment and will not be shown

to the public */

?>

</body>

</html>

Semicolons

Semicolons are used extensively in PHP. The semicolon generally (there are exceptions) signifies the end of a PHP statement and should not be forgotten, otherwise unsightly errors will occur. An example will be shown in the Outputting HTML code using PHP section.

Outputting HTML code using PHP

Outputting HTML code using PHP is extremely easy. It can be done using the PHP Print command or indeed PHP Echo. The difference between the two commands can be read on the PHP FAQts site.

Below is how to output “This is my first output PHP string” in HTML paragraph and bold tags. This example will also show how the semicolon is used (read prior section, Semicolons).

<html>

<head>

<title>My first PHP outputs</title>

</head>

<body>

<?php

print “<p><strong>This is my first output PHP string</strong></p>”;

// For consistency I will show the use of the echo command

echo “<p><strong>This is my first output PHP string</strong></p>”;

?>

</body>

</html>

If you run the above code, you will see that you get the output:

First PHP output.

The first line is of the print command and the second line is the output of the echo command. Please note that there is no difference between the two. Please also note the usage of quotation marks – these are used to tell the PHP code that we wish not to execute the contents contained within.

PHP Variables

Variables are important to PHP. A variable is a way of storing a value, such as text (“Hello”), numeric values (such as the integer value of 1) and also Boolean values (true and false). A variable can be re-used throughout your code instead of typing out the value over and over again. Variables will also not be new to you if you’ve had any experience of Algebra in Mathematics.

You define a variable in PHP like so:

<?php

$name = “Marc Fraser”;

$age = 16;

?>

The first things you should notice is the dollar sign ($). In PHP this signifies that the item is a variable, I can name a variable whatever I wish such as $a, $b, $c, as long as I do not omit it – otherwise syntax errors will occur. At this time, you should also note that variables are case sensitive, therefore $a is different in the eyes of PHP than $A.

Once our data is stored in a variable, we can perform operations to it, such as print, string manipulation and if the variable is an integer, calculations can be done. Below is how to print a variable:

<?php

$name = “Marc Fraser”;

$age = 16;

print $name;

print $age;

?>

The above will output “Marc Fraser16”.

Variable naming conventions:

• PHP Variables may only start with a letter or underscore (_).
• Spaces are not permitted in PHP variables and so underscores, or capitalization should be used – such as: $this_variable, $thisVariable.
• Variables may only comprise of alphanumeric characters.

PHP Concatenation

We can display our variables in a meaningful fashion with the use of concatenation. Concatenation makes use of the period (.). Please see the example below which is an example of affixing a value to the end of the variable:

<?php

$name = “Marc”;

$name .= “Fraser”;

?>

Basically what ‘.=’ is doing is saying use the current value of $name and add “Fraser” to the end of it. If I were to now print $name, it would output “MarcFraser”.

We can also use concatenation to create readable sentences:

<?php

$name = “ Marc Fraser”;

$age = 16;

print “We would like to welcome you,” . $name . “, age” . $age . “ to our website!”;

?>

This will output “We would like to welcome you, Marc Fraser, age 16 to our website!”. To do this, we close the string (close quotation mark) and add our period, which tells the server that we wish to begin parsing PHP again. When we want to stop parsing PHP we add a period and then begin our string again (quotation mark).

PHP Operators

Here are most types of PHP Operators: Assignment Operators, Arithmetic Operators, Comparison Operators, and String Operators.

Assignment Operators

We have already met this type. This is where we set a variable equal to something or make a variable equal to another variable.

Arithmetic Operators

An example of the use of Arithmetic operators is shown below:

<?php

$add = 1+1;

$subtract = 5-3;

$multiply = 5*2;

$divide = 10/2;

print “Addition Answer: ” . $add . “<br>”;

print “Subtraction Answer: ” . $subtract. “<br>”;

print “Multiplication Answer: ” . $multiply. “<br>”;

print “Addition Answer: ” . $divide. “<br>”;

?>

The output of the above code is:

Addition Answer: 2
Subtraction Answer: 2
Multiplication Answer: 10
Addition Answer: 5

This showing that the server is carrying out the calculations, using our arithmetic operators. As well as the above, you could also use these operators in conjunction with each other like so:

<?php

$quantity = 4;

$value = 5;

$total = $quantity * $value;

print $total;

?>

The output from the above is 20.

Comparison Operators

Comparison Operators are used to check the relationship between variables/values. These are used inside statements (such as if statements) to check whether the result is true or false. Listed are some PHP comparison operators:

We will assume, for this example, that $a = 2 and $b = 3.

Please note the two equal signs in the equal to example – this is a common beginners’ mistake.

We will go into further examples of Comparison Operators in the next section on PHP If Statements.

String Operators

We have already met String Operators, please read prior section named Concatenation.

PHP IF Statements

In PHP IF statements are extensively used.  It allows you to show the user data depending on certain conditions. The best way to describe it is with the use of an example: You want to build a dashboard with items you do not want all employees to see, this is where IF statements come in handy – you can check that they are a certain person or a member of a certain group and if this is true the employee can see the item, if it is false (the employee isn’t in the necessary group) then the employee shouldn’t see the items.

We will use Comparison Operators in the example below;

<?php

$isManagement = false;

if($isManagement == true) {

// Show the data that you wish only management to see.

} else {

// You are not management and so cannot see this data.

}

?>

The above example uses comments to show how the if statement works in terms of the example farther above. $isManagement will come from the employees record.

Within the IF() statement we are comparing to see if $isManagement is true, within the first parenthesis ({}) is where the PHP code will go if the result is true. The else statement is included to catch all other occurrences apart from the true occurrences. Please see the PHP Manual for another example.

PHP Include

The include command can save you a lot of time as you can create a header, place it in a file and just include that file on every page and the header will be shown. This will also mean that you do not need to edit every page every time you need to edit your header!

Basically the PHP Include command takes the file name and inserts the contents of the file into the script.

To illustrate this, I will use an example:

1. Create a HTML file called Menu.html and insert the following code into it:

<ul>

<li>Home</li>

<li>Articles</li>

<li>Tutorial</li>

</ul>

1. Now create a menu_example.php PHP file (in the same directory as Menu.html) and insert:

<?php

include(‘Menu.html’);

?>

1. Navigate to menu_example.php in your browser and run it – you should see:

Menu Included.

This is a very basic introductory PHP tutorial.  When I get time, I'll write more each time increasing the difficulty of the methods.  Hope you enjoyed reading!  Tune in for more.